CFP 72
posted by Phrack Staff
_______ ____ ____ _______ _______________ _____ _____
._\\____ \\ | |__\\__ \ _\\__ /\ __//_\ | / /
: |/ >> : : :/ /./ / | | /. !/ /
| : / | / \| __ | | | / \
| ____/| | | \ \ | |__ : | \ \
| |/// |____| |_____\ |\___ | ://\ !_____\ \
| : /////:____|/////\\____|////\\___/. \\____://///\\_____/
|___/ e-zine /////: //////| //// ///// //////
//// . : x0^67^aMi5H^iMP!
.:.: P H R A C K 4 0 T H A N N I V E R S A R Y E D I T I O N :.:.
If you missed the chance to grab a physical copy of the latest issue,
it is now available via print on demand! Use this link:
https://lulu.com/shop/phrack-zine/phrack-71/paperback/product-zmkeggd.html
Donations are also now accepted; you can contribute using the details below:
* BTC: 1GZq57iK1mnA9s5RaovaN6p5gdAYRZzr1Z
* XMR: 41tbhfUuyXs1kQAdPCkZjogEnMYJCZvFYCuSjmghqzM5Wye \
5wxcYtta6TEYzX37uSBhaDUKMJzJfuTMxiox29CN257vMXJq
* Cash: https://buy.stripe.com/3cs8zN3azcWu652dQS
--[ Phrack 72 Call For Papers
For the past 40 years, Phrack has been an outlet for hackers. A place for
those who want to share knowledge, seek truth, find understanding, bridge
gaps, celebrate culture, and of course, break spells.
We publish this zine and carry on its legacy for the simple fact that
resources like this have become increasingly rare. Whether it's due to
economic, social, or political forces, sharing information about how
systems actually work is usually against the interest of those in power.
As hackers know, most systems are actually much more fragile than they
are made out to be, and any form of power or authority has a burden of
proof. It must demonstrate its legitimacy to those it holds authority
over. Otherwise, their systems will eventually be dismantled.
Phrack has brought the hacker community together for four decades now.
This has been the direct result of hundreds of authors, dozens of editors,
and countless readers keeping this project alive and well. We all have a
stake in keeping things like Phrack going.
It's important to not take our resources for granted. Resources only exist
for as long as people want to maintain them. If you want to see Phrack,
and projects like it, continue for another 40 years, then do something
about it. Whether it's simply sharing the zine, expanding on research,
or sending in new ideas, we all make up the broader community and culture
that sustains this. We can work together to create things that will be
useful for us now, and provide insight well into the future.
Hackers like you made Phrack what it is. Hackers like you make Phrack
what it will be.
Phrack 72 will be released in summer of 2025, at an event near you.
Thank you to everyone who helped make our last issue a huge success!
We are looking forward to creating another issue to celebrate the 40th
anniversary of Phrack!
--[ What do we want?
Articles about hacking, exploit development, vulnerability research, and
other fine topics.
More Specifically:
- Exploitation: Demonstrate the latest techniques in breaking mitigations
and proving vulnerabilities still have bite.
- Persistence: Whether its userland, kernel, or below ring0, share a trick
in the dark art of stealth persistence.
- Fuzzing and Code Analysis: Automated bug hunting finds the low hanging
fruit, how can we make it more lethal?
- Binary Obfuscation: We have decompilers but custom VMs and powerful
transformations create impenetrable code.
- Data Obfuscation: Time to exfil, how do you move a terabyte of data
without looking like a fool?
- Anti-Forensics: Leave no trace, hide in the mist, or maybe even deploy
countermeasures on the parsers!
- Web Applications: Discuss confusion, bypass, and injection attacks on
the multi-headed hydra of modern applications.
- Cloud Security: Complexity and lack of visibility is the soft underbelly
of cloud compute, discuss.
- Data Storage Weaknesses: If data theft is the end goal, let's talk about
all the leaks in storage infra and APIs.
- Exploit Mitigation: Finding every bug is futile, how do we design more
secure systems to block these attacks?
- Malware Analysis: The world is covered in a diaspora of malware, flay
open the code and inspect the innards.
- Malware Defense: We wade in a pool of parasites attacking from every
angle, how do we block their vicious effects?
- Exotic Reverse Engineering: What are the corrupt hidden hands of power
in this electronic substrate?
- Scene History: Let us learn the often isolated tribal history that hasn't
been written about before.
- Tales from the Crypt: Want to tell a personal story of a righteous hack?
Maybe we'll believe you.
Even if you don't have a paper, we would still love to hear from you.
- Do you have a story about Phrack?
- What papers have inspired you the most?
- What do you want to see in the future?
- Anything else you need to get off your chest?
- Let us know at loopback[at]phrack{dot}org
We are also looking for art to put in the physical release of Phrack 72.
Email us at arts[at]phrack{dot}org.
For all submissions, please follow the instructions below.
----( Contact )----
< Editors : staff[at]phrack{dot}org >
> Submissions : submissions[at]phrack{dot}org <
< /dev/urandom : loopback[at]phrack{dot}org >
> Arts & Leisure : arts[at]phrack{dot}org <
< Twitter/X : phrack >
> Mastodon : phrack[at]haunted{dot}computer <
< BlueSky : phrack{dot}org >
The rules are simple:
+ 7-bit ASCII wrapped to 76 columns
+ English language
+ PGP if you wish, but not required (use our key below)
+ ANTISPAM in the subject line or face the Spam God and
walk backwards into hell
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: PHRACK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=2t8m
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----